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and the Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945 Copyright 2002 - and beyond, by Bernard Palicki. All Rights Reserved. 1. What is 'Bretton Woods'? Bretton Woods is the name of a resort town in Coos County, in northern New Hampshire, USA, situated in the White Mountains on the north bank of the Ammonoosuc River. This resort town was site of a United Nations International Monetary Conference in July 1-23, 1944. It was during this conference that delegates/representatives1 from forty-four nations wrote a plan, to stabilize world currency by means of an International Monetary Fund, using that fund to finance reconstruction of the nations of Europe and Asia devastated by World War II, by means of the 'International Bank for Reconstruction and Development' (also known as the World Bank). 1Delegates/representatives of nations at this conference could not have been anything other than finance ministers of the forty-four banks of the nations participating in this conference. On December 27, 1945, twenty-eight nations signed documents necessary to make the 'Bretton Woods Plan' effective. Thus, the Bretton Woods Agreement Plan of 1944 became the Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945, an Amendment to the Federal Reserve Bank Act of 1913. 2. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were created by the 'Bretton Woods Agreement Act' (59, Statute 512), approved by a U.S. Congress on July 31, 1945. The 'Bretton Woods Agreement Act' is only one of many amendments/changes to the 'Federal Reserve Act' (38, Statute 251), approved by a U.S. Congress2 on December 23, 1913. 2 There is new U.S. Congress every two years, through elections for Seats in the U.S. House or Representatives. Elections for Seats in the U.S. Senate are held every six years. 3. Stated purpose of the 'Federal Reserve Act' of 1913, reads as follows: "To provide for the establishment of Federal reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other purposes."3 3Divested of power to regulate the exchange value of currency and foreign coin, elected members to seats of power in the U.S. House ans Senate are reduced to powers of legislating how much money is distributed to whom, with appropriate strings attached. 4. Stated purpose of the Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945, reads as follows: "Section 2. The President is hereby authorized to accept membership of the United States in the International Monetary Fund (hereinafter referred to as the "Fund"), and in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (hereinafter referred to as the "Bank"), provided for by the Articles of Agreement of the Fund and the Articles of Agreement of the Bank as set forth in the Final Act of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference dated July 22, 1944, and deposited in the archives of the Department of State."
Section 3. reads as follows: It is because of Sections 2. and 3. of the Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945 that high officials of U.S. government claim a role of 'leadership' to interfere in the internal affairs of other Nations. It is interference of the U.S. in the internal affairs of other Nations (because of the Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945) that has caused hatred of the U.S. and its citizens by other Nations on Earth since the endof World War II (the last fifty years of the 20th century). 5. Timing of the 'money changers' in the temple Nero fiddeled while Rome burned. Finance ministers of the major banks of the world fiddled (while the world was in flames during World War II). Finance ministers of the major banks of the world fiddled in advance to put in place their power, as 'bankers', to assume control over the disposition of national and international disputes and affairs. Thousands were still being slaughtered in the battles of World War II, in both the European and Asian theatres of military operations, when foundation for the New World Order (NWO) was being laid, by formulation of the 'Bretton Woods Agreement Plan of 1944' into international law, effective July 1945. The 'D-Day' invasion of German occupied Normandy, France (supported by the great industrial engineering and manufacturing capability of the U.S) occurred on June 6, 1944. (The great power of the United States came from its great industrial engineering and manufacturing capability that reached its peak during World War II. Greatness of U.S. industrial engineering and manufacturing capability to manufacture 'product' enabled the U.S. and its allies to win the battles of WWII. U.S. capability to manufacture 'product' was destroyed by deliberate inflation of the U.S. Dollar, beginning with adoption of the 'Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945'.) The Battle of Bastogne, a town in the province of Luxembourg, in southeastern Belgium, was raging against the last major offensive of Germany's NAZI Political Party regime, from December 16, 1944, through January 27, 1945 (while the money changers in temple were posturing for domination of Earth.) It was during that period of time (when military defeat of the armies of Germany and Japan appeared most likely), that financial reconstruction of the nations of Europe and Asia were being planned by the 'money changers' in the temple, at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. The 'Bretton Woods Agreement Plan' of 1944 became a major instrument of international law effective July 1945, when the U.S.A. signed into that agreement. Signing into this Agreement by the U.S.A., as of July 1945, occurred one month before the atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945, finally securing an 'unconditional surrender' of Germany and Japan, and putting a final (?) end to World War II. 6. The GATT and NAFT Agreements The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) are logical and planned extensions of the Federal Reserve Bank Act of 1913, and the Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945. Federal Reserve Bank Act of 1913 and the Bretton Woods Agreement Act of 1945 function like two jaws of a vise for financial oppression of the 'private business structure' and the 'wage-earning' individual. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 removed from the U.S. Congress the power "To coin Money, and regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures." This was a major shift or change of the Constitutional power/authority of the U.S. Congress, and it is solely on these grounds that this observer charges the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 as 'un-constitutional'. Under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve, a private banking authority, has power to dictate cost of borrowed money and down payment requirements for purchase of capital stock. It is meant and intended, through GATT and NAFTA, that the purpose, ways and means of the Federal Reserve Bank Act of 1913 (go back to 3. above) be extended to control trade of product within and between all nations on earth, totally independent from and immune to results of voting elections. (The NAFTA is a carbon copy of the GATT.) Finance ministers of the central banks of the world are not elected. Finance ministers of the central banks of the world answer to no one - not to any government, not to any political ideology, not to any political party. (Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States, or any of the heads of the twelve Federal Reserve District Banks of the U.S. were notably absent for G.Bush II's State of the Union message to the U.S. Congress on January 29, 2002.) Finance ministers of the central banks of the world answer only to the natural demand and supply forces for units of currency bought and sold in the open market. Finance ministers of the central banks of the world enjoy a position of power that is totally unaffected by public persuasion to the diametrically opposed and polarized ideologies of 'socialism', a vector force called 'left', and 'capitalism', a vector force called 'right'. In effect, voting elections for Candidates to high position of Federal government (to office of President, or to seats in the Senate or House of Representatives) have been reduced to public exercises in futility. Voting in elections is simply an exercise, like weight-lifting at the local gym, to make the public think and believe they have control over their government, or control over government's control over their individual lives. (The public is deceived by an image of civil liberty, and the miltary are deceived by an image of civil justice - as were the citizens and military of the Roman Empire, described by Gibbon through his documentary on causes of 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire', publication date, July 4, 1776.) All of the above facts can be verified through encyclopedias in libraries. My book on the web is an on-going process towards better articulation of thought and conclusions, from 35 plus years of research and analysis of money and tax policy and procedure. All challenges to all my observations and conclusions are invited.
Bernard Palicki
In the winter of my discontent and Return to Revisit Advance to Technical Appendices and Illustrations Return to Home Page | |